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Ancestral reconstruction
Ancestral Reconstruction (also known as ''Character Mapping'' or ''Character Optimization'') is a method in evolutionary biology by which one can attempt to understand the phenotypic and genetic states of organisms that lived millions of years ago.〔Omland, K.E. 1999. The Assumptions and Challenges of Ancestral State Reconstructions. Symposium: Reconstructing Ancestral Character States: 604.〕 This is desirable because it means that one can “fill in” gaps in phylogenetic trees, thus being able to more clearly see which organisms are closely related and evolved from one another and so forth. The idea is that modern genetic sequences are essentially a variation of ancient ones. Therefore, if one can gain access to ancient sequences, one may be able to find out which other variations could have arisen from that sequence, and thus, which organisms may also be descendant from that sequence. On a smaller scale, one can also attempt to track the changing of one character trait to another (example: fins turning to legs).
Ancestral reconstruction is performed using statistical models for genetic variation. The idea was first proposed in 1963 by Zuckerkandl and Pauling. Overall, the consequence is that one can use the genetic information already obtained through methods such as phylogenetics to determine the route that evolution has taken and when evolutionary events occurred.〔Martins P. 1996. Phylogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior. Oxford University Press.〕 One of the most prominent examples is tracing the evolution that took place from ape to man. More creatively it has been used to compare the catalytic properties of ancient versus modern proteins.
== Methods ==
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